Blockchain

In the rapidly evolving world of cryptography, verifying large-degree polynomials efficiently is a challenge. The FRI protocol solves this by enabling the prover to demonstrate that a given polynomial is close to a low-degree one through a series of recursive folding steps. By halving the polynomial’s degree progressively, the FRI protocol reduces computational complexity while preserving the security of the verification process. The prover commits to the polynomial’s evaluations using Merkle trees, ensuring both integrity and consistency, which are verified through collinearity checks. In this blog, we take a deep dive into the mechanics of the FRI protocol, from the commitment phase where the degree is halved to the query phase where the verifier checks consistency. Whether you are a blockchain enthusiast, cryptography expert, or just curious about the future of digital proofs, understanding the FRI protocol will give you a glimpse into the future of secure, scalable cryptographic verification. [Read More]

This blog provides a comprehensive overview of zk-Rollups and zkEVMs, highlighting their advantages in scalability, data compression, and enhanced privacy. Despite their potential, challenges such as developer unfriendliness and lack of composability hinder widespread adoption. By examining two primary approaches for building decentralized applications (DApps) on zk-Rollups—application-specific circuits and universal EVM circuits—we shed light on the ongoing evolution of Ethereum technology. Ultimately, the zkEVM represents a significant leap forward, merging familiar smart contract execution with the groundbreaking capabilities of zero-knowledge proofs. [Read More]

Dive into the fascinating world of blockchain technology with this engaging exploration of its foundational elements! From understanding the robust structure of Merkle trees that underpins data verification to unraveling the complexities of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), this blog offers a thorough overview of how decentralized applications and smart contracts operate. Discover how Ethereum revolutionizes trust and security through its unique consensus mechanisms and the role of Ether as its lifeblood. As you embark on this journey, you’ll gain insights that not only enhance your understanding of Ethereum but also prepare you for the cutting-edge innovations of zkEVM. Join me as we unlock the potential of blockchain and envision the future of decentralized technologies! [Read More]

This blog delves into the critical role of arithmetic circuits in zero-knowledge proofs, using the game of Sudoku as an analogy to explain complex concepts. From understanding how Sudoku verification relates to the famous P vs NP problem, to exploring the broader implications of arithmetic circuits in cryptographic protocols, the blog offers a clear and engaging overview. Perfect for readers interested in the intersection of computer science, mathematics, and privacy. [Read More]

This blog explores the fundamentals of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), an essential concept for understanding security and privacy in ZK-EVM (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine). [Read More]